Finding F-0353

“The present study demonstrates a balanced improvement over these earlier works, with the optimized blend (C4: 25% cow dung + 75% groundnut shell) achieving a calorific value of 19.7 ± 0.37 MJ kg−1, while simultaneously reducing PM2.5 by 43%, CO2 by 29%, and HCHO by 53% compared to pure cow dung (C1).”

Feasibility of cow-dung groundnutshell composite as a decentralized renewable fuel for clean cooking (2026). Sci Rep. Page 8. CKB 1518

Structure

Source: Biomass fuel
Factor: Particulate matter (PM₂.₅ and PM₁₀)
Intervention: Clean fuels
Setting: laboratory cookstove test, IN
Study design: laboratory combustion tests of fuel cakes made from cow dung and groundnut shell in four blends (C1 100 % cow dung to C4 25 % cow dung and 75 % groundnut shell) in a rural cookstove: calorific value and emissions of PM2.5, CO2 and formaldehyde (class 4)
Effect: difference 43
Caveat: fuel blend filed under clean-fuels; laboratory test, not household exposure

A Finding records what one published document states, verbatim and with its page. It is not a conclusion of Coridum; see the Claims that build on it.